Description

Ketoprofen: An Overview

Introduction

Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It belongs to a class of drugs that includes ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin. It is commonly used for conditions such as arthritis, muscle pain, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory disorders.

Mechanism of Action
Like other NSAIDs, ketoprofen works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are chemicals that promote inflammation, pain, and fever. There are two isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, and ketoprofen inhibits both. COX-1 is involved in maintaining normal physiological functions, such as protecting the stomach lining, while COX-2 is primarily involved in inflammation. Inhibition of both enzymes leads to reduced inflammation and pain relief, but it may also increase the risk of side effects like gastrointestinal bleeding due to COX-1 inhibition.

Indications
Ketoprofen is indicated for:

• Arthritis: It is commonly used to treat conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, helping to reduce joint pain and swelling.
• Acute pain: It provides effective relief from acute pain, including dental pain, muscle pain, and pain following surgery.
• Menstrual cramps: Ketoprofen is used to relieve pain associated with dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).
• Inflammatory conditions: It can help manage pain and inflammation in conditions like tendinitis, bursitis, and other musculoskeletal disorders.

Dosage and Administration
The dosage of ketoprofen depends on the specific condition being treated. For oral administration, the usual dose ranges from 25 mg to 50 mg every 6-8 hours. The maximum recommended daily dose is typically 300 mg. For topical forms, the application is usually restricted to affected areas 2-3 times a day. It’s important to follow a healthcare provider’s instructions, as excessive dosing can lead to adverse effects.

Side Effects
While ketoprofen is effective in managing pain and inflammation, it comes with potential side effects, including:

• Gastrointestinal issues: These can include nausea, vomiting, indigestion, ulcers, and gastrointestinal bleeding. This is due to the inhibition of COX-1, which protects the stomach lining.
• Cardiovascular risk: Prolonged use of ketoprofen can increase the risk of heart attack or stroke, especially in patients with existing heart conditions.
• Renal issues: It can cause kidney problems, including reduced kidney function, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Hypersensitivity reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

Precautions

• Gastrointestinal risk: People with a history of ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, or other stomach issues should use ketoprofen with caution.
• Cardiovascular risk: Those with heart disease, hypertension, or stroke history should consult a doctor before using ketoprofen.
• Renal function: Kidney function should be monitored during prolonged therapy, especially in those with pre-existing kidney disease.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Ketoprofen should be avoided during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester, as it can harm the fetus. It is also excreted in breast milk and should be used with caution while breastfeeding.Conclusion

Ketoprofen is a widely used NSAID for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever. While it is effective for managing conditions like arthritis and musculoskeletal pain, it carries risks, particularly related to gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal health. As with any medication, it should be used according to a doctor’s recommendations, especially for long-term use, to minimize potential side effects and interactions.